sort(3)

NAME
sort - perl pragma to control sort() behaviour

SYNOPSIS
    use sort 'stable';          # guarantee stability
    use sort '_quicksort';      # use a quicksort algorithm
    use sort '_mergesort';      # use a mergesort algorithm

    use sort '_qsort';          # alias for quicksort

    my $current = sort::current();      # identify prevailing algorithm

DESCRIPTION
With the sort pragma you can control the behaviour of the builtin sort() function.

In Perl versions 5.6 and earlier the quicksort algorithm was used to implement sort(), but in Perl 5.8 a mergesort algorithm was also made available, mainly to guarantee worst case O(N log N) behaviour: the worst case of quicksort is O(N**2). In Perl 5.8 and later, quicksort defends against quadratic behaviour by shuffling large arrays before sorting.

A stable sort means that for records that compare equal, the original input ordering is preserved. Mergesort is stable, quicksort is not. Stability will matter only if elements that compare equal can be distinguished in some other way. That means that simple numerical and lexical sorts do not profit from stability, since equal elements are indistinguishable. However, with a comparison such as

   { substr($a, 0, 3) cmp substr($b, 0, 3) }

stability might matter because elements that compare equal on the first 3 characters may be distinguished based on subsequent characters. In Perl 5.8 and later, quicksort can be stabilized, but doing so will add overhead, so it should only be done if it matters.

The best algorithm depends on many things. On average, mergesort does fewer comparisons than quicksort, so it may be better when complicated comparison routines are used. Mergesort also takes advantage of pre-existing order, so it would be favored for using sort to merge several sorted arrays. On the other hand, quicksort is often faster for small arrays, and on platforms with small memory caches that are much faster than main memory. You can force the choice of algorithm with this pragma, but this feels heavy-handed, so the subpragmas beginning with a "_" may not persist beyond Perl 5.8.

CAVEATS
This pragma is not lexically scoped : its effect is global to the program it appears in. This may change in future versions.